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Chemical element · Atomic number 90
Thorium (Th)
Actinides · Period 7 · Solid
Element identity
- Atomic number (Z)
- 90
- Symbol
- Th
- Atomic weight / isotope mass number
- 232.0377(4)
- Category
- Actinides
- Physical state (reference)
- Solid
- Period
- 7
- Group (reference)
- 3
- Block
- f
Physical properties
- Appearance
- Silvery, often with black tarnish
- Density
- 11.724 g·cm⁻³
- Melting point
- 2023 K / 1750 °C / 3182 °F
- Boiling point
- 5061 K / 4788 °C / 8650 °F
- Sublimation point
- Not available
Atomic and material properties
- Electron configuration
- [Rn] 6d² 7s²
- Electrons per shell
- K2 L8 M18 N32 O18 P10 Q2
- Oxidation states
- 4, 3, 2, 1
- Electronegativity (Pauling)
- 1.3
- Atomic radius
- Not available
- Covalent radius
- 206±6 pm
- Molar ionization energies
- 1st: 587 kJ·mol⁻¹ 2nd: 1110 kJ·mol⁻¹ 3rd: 1978 kJ·mol⁻¹ 4th: 2780 kJ·mol⁻¹
- Thermal conductivity
- 54.0 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹
- Molar heat capacity
- 26.230 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹
- Crystal structure
- Face-centered cubic
- CAS number
- 7440-29-1
Property source: Wikipedia — Thorium, adapted from the Nuclides App snapshot. Quoted conditions and qualifiers are retained.
Sources and interpretation
Snapshot exported 24 October 2026 from the element assets used by Nuclides. Properties are a reference compilation, not a new evaluation. Missing values are shown as “Not available”. Density and phase depend on temperature, pressure and allotrope; retained conditions are part of the quoted property.
Atomic weight is dimensionless. Parentheses give uncertainty in the last quoted digits. A single integer in square brackets is an isotope mass number, not a standard atomic weight. The snapshot can differ from current evaluations; consult CIAAW standard atomic weights and the IUPAC periodic table for current values and conventions.
Element properties in the App snapshot are adapted from Wikipedia. Each element page links to its source article; text adaptations are available under CC BY-SA 4.0. No third-party images are included.
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